Was bedeutet es für Mensch und Natur, wenn wir Kaffee trinken?
Jedes Jahr trinkt der*die durchschnittliche Deutsche* 164 Liter Kaffee. Damit ist Kaffee beliebter als Bier oder Mineralwasser. Auch weltweit gehört es zu den am beliebtesten Getränken überhaupt.
Die Kaffeebohne ist das erste Produkt das in den 1970er Jahren als Fairtrade-Produkt erhältlich war. Doch wie steht es um die Klimabilanz des täglichen Kaffees?
Welchen Weg legt eine Kaffeebohne zurück?

Die Kaffeebohne, aus der ich morgens meinen Kaffee mahle, hat zumeist einen sehr langen Weg hinter sich. Kaffeebohnen werden aus weit entfernten Ländern importiert und haben daher oft mehrere 1000 Kilometer Weg hinter sich. Gewachsen ist der Kaffee wahrscheinlich in Brasilien oder in einem anderen Land im sogenannten „Kaffeegürtel“. Nur dort sind die klimatischen Bedingungen so gut, dass Kaffee optimal wachsen kann. Ungefähr ein Drittel der Kaffeebohnen, die wir in Deutschland kaufen können kommt aus Brasilien. Nehmen wir also einmal an der Kaffee, den ich zuhause im Küchenschrank stehen habe, stammt von dort. Gewachsen ist er auf einer der unzähligen Kaffeeplantagen. Von dort geht es meist mit LKWs weiter über Zwischenhändler*innen zu einer der Hafenstädte. Große Containerschiffe bringen die Bohnen als Schüttgut weiter nach Hamburg oder Bremen. Von dort weiter zur Kaffeerösterei, meist auch mit dem LKW oder Zug. Und von dort wiederum mit dem LKW in den Supermarkt.
Bei so einer langen Strecke ist es logisch, dass die Klimabilanz von der Bohne Kaffee in meinem Küchenschrank nicht allzu gut sein dürfte. So hat das Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgeforschung errechnet, dass für eine Tasse Kaffee zwischen 59 und 101 Gramm CO2 ausgestoßen werden, im Durchschnitt sind es 80 Gramm pro Tasse. Abhängig ist die genaue Zahl vom Herkunftsland und der jeweiligen Lieferkette. Wenn man diese Zahlen auf den Pro-Kopf-Verbrauch in Deutschland hochrechnet, kommt man auf jährlich circa 105 Kilogramm CO2 pro Person und somit auf circa 8,7 Millionen Tonnen CO2 für Gesamtdeutschland.
Zusätzlich zum CO2-Ausstoß kommt auch ein sehr hoher Wasserverbrauch dazu. Eine Kaffeetasse verbraucht etwa 140 Liter virtuelles Wasser[i]. Zum Vergleich: Ein*e durchschnittliche*r Deutsche*r verbraucht etwa 123 Liter Wasser am Tag. Durch die vielen Produktionsschritte des Kaffees kommt dieser hohe Wert zu Stande. Tchibo hat in einer Untersuchung vor allem den Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln als Hauptverursacher des hohen „virtuellen Wasserverbrauchs“ identifiziert. „Schon heute leiden über 2.7 Milliarden Männer, Frauen und Kinder jährlich für mindestens einen Monat unter Wassermangel“ (Kröning 2015).
Warum Fairtrade?

Der Weltmarktpreis von Kaffee schwankt ähnlich wie der von Öl oder anderen Rohstoffen sehr stark. Von diesen Schwankungen sind weniger die Großhändler als viel mehr die kleinen lokalen Bauer*innen und die Ernterhelfer*innen betroffen. Derzeit verbleiben bei „normal“ gehandelten Kaffee etwa 86 Prozent des Geldes, das ich im Supermarkt bezahle, in Deutschland. Nur 14 Prozent gehen in die Produktionsländer. Diese 14 Prozent müssen dann noch auf die einzelnen Akteure aufgeteilt werden. Somit bleiben den Erntehelfer*innen, als letztes Glied der Produktionskette, oft nur wenige Cent des Gewinnes.
Kaffee wird meistens in Handarbeit gepflückt. Die Arbeiter*innen werden üblicherweise pro Menge bezahlt. Je mehr sie also pflücken, desto mehr Geld bleibt ihnen am Ende des Tages. Das mündet meist in Kinderarbeit. Denn je mehr Menschen innerhalb einer Familie Kaffee pflücken, desto mehr Geld ist am Ende des Tages in der Haushaltskasse.
Bei Fairtrade zertifiziertem Kaffee kommen immerhin etwa 30 Prozent des Geldes im Erzeugerland an. Das ist auch nicht sehr viel, allerdings mehr als doppelt so viel wie bei „normalem“ Kaffee. Auch ist meist mit den Bauern ein fester Preis für den Kaffee vereinbart, so dass dieser nicht von den Weltmarktpreisen abhängt. Zusätzlich gibt es oft eine Erfolgsprämie. Diese wird meist nicht nur in höheren Gehältern ausgezahlt, sondern damit werden auch Infrastrukturprojekte vor Ort gefördert.
Was kann ich also tun?
- Es gibt bereits einige Initiativen, die nachhaltigen und klimaneutralen Kaffee produzieren.
- Beim Einkaufen auf fair gehandelten Kaffee achten
- Den Kaffeekonsum insgesamt reduzieren. Muss jede Tasse sein?
- Verzichtet grundsätzlich auf den Einsatz von Kaffeekapseln, Einmal-Kaffeebechern und Milch im Kaffee, da diese eine noch deutlich schlechtere Umweltbilanz haben
- Unterstützt kleine „Eine-Welt-Läden“ bei euch vor Ort. Diese bieten oft Kaffee zu noch besseren ökologischen und sozialen Bedingungen.
[i] Virtuelles Wasser: Wasser, das bei der Produktion eines Produktes anfällt. Also die Gesamtmenge aus natürlicher Bewässerung wie Regen, der künstlichen Bewässerung, dem Wasserverbrauch bei der Weiterverarbeitung und dem „beschädigtem“ Wasser durch Pestizide o.Ä. beim Düngen.
Quellen:
- https://ze.tt/wie-belastend-ist-es-fuer-die-welt-wenn-wir-staendig-kaffee-in-uns-schuetten/
- https://www.polarstern-energie.de/magazin/artikel/kaffee-fair-und-bio/
- https://www.roastmarket.de/magazin/umwelt-und-kaffee-ein-oekologischer-spagat/
- https://www.welt.de/wissenschaft/article149751758/Warum-die-Deutschen-im-Wasser-schwimmen.html
Danke für diesen tollen Blog. War sehr interessant zu lesen.
Danke 😊 das freut uns:) ist für uns ja auch das erste mal in dieser Form!
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